Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
