pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
