pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
