pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
