RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
