A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
