As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
