RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
