RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
