DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
