An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
