Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
