A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
