The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
