The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
