“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
