A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
