The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
