“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
