Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
