To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
