As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
