(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
