Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
