The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
