To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
