While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
