A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
