A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
