Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause much confusion…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
