Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
