Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional,…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
