Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
