Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
