One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
