As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control.…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
