Circuit breakers are the “final control elements” of the…
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Control valves are subject to a number of common problems. This…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
