The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium…
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a…
