What are different ways to extract data from various PLCs?

I feel like i am asking very wide question but it will be beneficial for many people to organise this huge chunk of automation knowledge.

When answering this question can you please consider 3 scenarios:
A PLC brand e-g. Siemens, Mitsubishi, Allen Bradley, Beckhoff, others
B Ways to extract data when we have a source code of the PLC and we can modify it
C Ways to extract data when we don't have a source code but we know addresses we would like to extract the data from
D Can PLC manufacturer prevent us from extracting any data - eg. maybe factory talk security can prevent that? Are PLC capable of encrypting the information at all?

Many thanks for any feedback!
 
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