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Start with a system diagram

1. How to protect for example intrinsically-safe earth system from protective (safety) earth currents when these two earthing systems are connected together? What's the reference standard and section for the solution provided? 2. If in some other companies, earth bonding is not allowed, what is...

All grounds are connected through their separate grounding connections (field and control system). Instrument systems use a common ground point but in the field are isolated from local grounding to avoid ground loop currents. It is not uncommon to find signifficant potetials between separate...

Sounds like replacement is warranted, good luck

Surge conditions are determined by the compressor discharge pressure, and flow conditions. That is part of your process control and safety. Work with your plant drawings, and the compressor supplier.

Your vendor provides flow meter calculations, showing the range of fluid velocities, and expected accuracy levels. you might summarize the data they provided, currently you are experiencing 4-6% fluctuations, relative to normal flow.

These queries seem to be addressing, remote access to commercial fuel dispensers. Perhaps you should register with https://tatsuno-corporation.com

That level of question requires electrical drawings. Typically the control circuits are grounded in the control panel separate from grounding in the field.

reduce the controller gain, as ball valves(apart from V-ported balls) are considered strongly nonlinear.

Ship them to a motor shop, for cleaning, lubrication, and various testing

The ship design firm needs to be involved in that descision.

The control circuits are usually grounded separately, from the drive power circuits. If not you'll have problems.

You have to run all control wiring separate from the power feeds. If not, you'll get all sorts of problems.

As with any interlock system, layout your ladder diagram (or logic) , to establish the level of redundancy required. Your photoelectric sensor, can be considered, but you have to sort out how it fails, to avoid over-riding the pre-existing safety interlocks. Ultimately you want a "mansafe"...

River, a hands up for the operator who caught it!

The cell sensor is used in chemical analyzer measurements where the conductance is related to concentration of a chemical component. Clean fluids are required, and occassional lab calibrations and electrode cleaning. Level measurements are for a different purpose. Some devices have used fluid...

Interestingly, for a 4 mm web (0.1575 in), and 3" roller, the encoder wheel sees a 5.25% increase in measured web length when measured opposite the drive roller compared to the encoder on the same side as the drive roller. Given your data of 510 FT and 520 Ft on the one machine with the encoder...

Sounds like a matter of over driving the electrodes, you'll have to reduce the power being delivered.

In operating plants, field grounding of instrument cables is not recommended, due to ground faults that exist in all operating environments, leading to intermittent several hundred volts potential differences between the control room instrument ground and earth ground in the field.

Show us how you ground single loop transmitter wiring.