A
i want really to ask when a synchronous generator in a big network converts to motor? what are the cases? and what are the reasons? can we proof that using equations?
R
roy Matson
> i want really to ask when a synchronous generator in a big network converts to motor?
I would say any time you put a mechanical load on it
I would say any time you put a mechanical load on it
P
PowerEd
I don't know how you would go about correcting this with an equation.
It is a simple matter of voltage and frequency. When the machine voltage drops below system voltage, current will flow to the generator and not from. The same with frequency control, when your prime mover doesn't provide enough motive force, the machine will take in power and begin to motor.
For most generators, this is not much of a problem. As long as you maintain the field. However, it could be a major problem for your prime mover.
It is a simple matter of voltage and frequency. When the machine voltage drops below system voltage, current will flow to the generator and not from. The same with frequency control, when your prime mover doesn't provide enough motive force, the machine will take in power and begin to motor.
For most generators, this is not much of a problem. As long as you maintain the field. However, it could be a major problem for your prime mover.
N
Namatimangan08
When we put power input less the desired power to keep the generator and its prime mover under synchronism. We will have reverse power scenario. Simply speaking our generator turns to motor.
Assuming we have a hydro turbine generator with capacity 150MW. We have to put in water power says by about 10m3/s which is equivalent to says 0.8MW in order to rotate the generator and its prime mover at 3000rpm but produces zero output. If we reduce water flow to 9m3/s then the generator will turn to motor. It draws current from the system since it wants to maintain its RPM.
In this case, most likely, it won't take long before the turbine generator trips on reverse power.
Have you heard about synchronized condenser operation? It is one of the most important operation modes for a hydro turbine generator. Most hydro turbine generators are equipped with this operation mode. Under this mode, the generator turns to motor since it is allowed to draw current from the grid system. Water supply to the turbine will be cut off. For a reaction turbine it has to have water depress sequence to be used to produce air pocket inside turbine housing. By doing so the turbine will rotate in air. Thus it reduces churning loss.
Synchronized condenser operation is required for a purpose of to regulate reactive power when active power is not badly needed. It also well known mean to provide reliable and cheap spinning reserve capacity.
Assuming we have a hydro turbine generator with capacity 150MW. We have to put in water power says by about 10m3/s which is equivalent to says 0.8MW in order to rotate the generator and its prime mover at 3000rpm but produces zero output. If we reduce water flow to 9m3/s then the generator will turn to motor. It draws current from the system since it wants to maintain its RPM.
In this case, most likely, it won't take long before the turbine generator trips on reverse power.
Have you heard about synchronized condenser operation? It is one of the most important operation modes for a hydro turbine generator. Most hydro turbine generators are equipped with this operation mode. Under this mode, the generator turns to motor since it is allowed to draw current from the grid system. Water supply to the turbine will be cut off. For a reaction turbine it has to have water depress sequence to be used to produce air pocket inside turbine housing. By doing so the turbine will rotate in air. Thus it reduces churning loss.
Synchronized condenser operation is required for a purpose of to regulate reactive power when active power is not badly needed. It also well known mean to provide reliable and cheap spinning reserve capacity.
A synchronous electric machine can be either a motor or a generator depending on the amount of torque being applied to the synchronous machine. If the torque exceeds the amount of power required to keep the synchronous machine spinning at rated frequency when connected to a grid supplying a load (motors, lights, computers, etc.) then the synchronous machine is a generator, converting the excess torque into amps which are being transmitted over wires to motors and the other types of loads (lights, computers, etc.).
When the amount of torque being applied to the synchronous machine is less than amount required to keep the machine spinning at synchronous speed then the synchronous machine becomes a motor, drawing amps from the grid to maintain speed and actually "driving" the prime mover (turbine, reciprocating engine, etc.)--which can be very damaging to the prime mover.
There are very large hydro-electric facilities called "pumped storage" facilities that serve as synchronous generators during the day allowing water to run "down" through the turbine driving the synchronous machine. Then at night, the synchronous machine is used as a motor to drive the turbine which becomes a pump and pumps the water back "up" to a storage lake where it's ready to be used to drive the machine as a generator the next day.
Some large heavy duty gas turbines employ the synchronous generator as a motor during starting and acceleration.
There are many formulae that can be found at sites like wikipedia.org to describe how motors convert amps into torque and how generators convert torque into amps.
When the amount of torque being applied to the synchronous machine is less than amount required to keep the machine spinning at synchronous speed then the synchronous machine becomes a motor, drawing amps from the grid to maintain speed and actually "driving" the prime mover (turbine, reciprocating engine, etc.)--which can be very damaging to the prime mover.
There are very large hydro-electric facilities called "pumped storage" facilities that serve as synchronous generators during the day allowing water to run "down" through the turbine driving the synchronous machine. Then at night, the synchronous machine is used as a motor to drive the turbine which becomes a pump and pumps the water back "up" to a storage lake where it's ready to be used to drive the machine as a generator the next day.
Some large heavy duty gas turbines employ the synchronous generator as a motor during starting and acceleration.
There are many formulae that can be found at sites like wikipedia.org to describe how motors convert amps into torque and how generators convert torque into amps.
A
ali ibrahimovich
thank you everyone for replying..........
but still confused about that........why when speed of the synchronous generator decreases or increases over the synchronous speed. it is converted to motor?
but still confused about that........why when speed of the synchronous generator decreases or increases over the synchronous speed. it is converted to motor?
The speed of a synchronous machine does <b>NOT</b> change when being operated in parallel (<b>synchronized</b>) with other synchronous machines (on a grid with proper supervision).
If the torque being supplied to a synchronous machine is more than what is required to keep that synchronous machine at rated speed then that synchronous machine will be a generator converting the excess torque to current.
If the torque being supplied to a synchronous machine is less than what's required to keep that synchronous machine at rated speed then that synchronous machine will become a motor drawing current from the other synchronous machines to keep spinning at rated speed.
If the torque being supplied to a synchronous machine is more than what is required to keep that synchronous machine at rated speed then that synchronous machine will be a generator converting the excess torque to current.
If the torque being supplied to a synchronous machine is less than what's required to keep that synchronous machine at rated speed then that synchronous machine will become a motor drawing current from the other synchronous machines to keep spinning at rated speed.
M
madmemed
I have the same problem in my hepp. we have 2 units franchis turbine, synchronous generators. we start the unit normally, and when we try to synchronise it to the grid (50 hz) the reverse power problem appears. and the generator protection relays give us Wr>>Ir and the unit trips. we checked the turbine control panel and everything shown normally. if we start the unit and increase the excitation voltage and then turn the synchronizing switch the unit synchronizes to the grid and continue to operating. ı think maybe we have problem with excitation, don't we?
Madmemed... I forgot to ask you the following questions, earlier:
1) Do you have difficulty when synchronizing one particular alternator with the grid? Or with both?
2) Do you have difficulty when synchronizing either alternator with the other (off-grid)?
3) Are both alternators identical, or are there major differences such as capacity or the number of poles?
4) Has this been a recurring since commissioning the installation, or is it a recent development?
5) Are their excitation systems similar?
Regards, Phil Corso
1) Do you have difficulty when synchronizing one particular alternator with the grid? Or with both?
2) Do you have difficulty when synchronizing either alternator with the other (off-grid)?
3) Are both alternators identical, or are there major differences such as capacity or the number of poles?
4) Has this been a recurring since commissioning the installation, or is it a recent development?
5) Are their excitation systems similar?
Regards, Phil Corso
D
DILIP NAGESHWAR
THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CONSISTS OF STATOR WINDING AND THE ROTOR FIXED WITH FIELD WINDING WHICH IS EXCITED BY DC. SO THAT IT STARTS LIKE AN INDUCTION MOTOR AND THEN GETS FIXED UP WITH THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED. THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED IS THE SPEED OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD.
THE ROTOR SPEED IS EQUAL TO THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED DESPITE SOME SLIP.
AS A GENERATOR THE PROCESS IS REVERSED. DUE TO THE ROTATION OF THE ROTOR, A SMALL DC GENERATOR FIXED TO THE ROTOR ROTATES THERE BY GENERATING A DC VOLTAGE WHICH WILL THEN INDUCE CURRENT IN THE ARMATURE COIL DUE TO THE VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE ROTOR (i.e.) FIELD COIL. WHICH IS PURELY BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
THE ROTOR SPEED IS EQUAL TO THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED DESPITE SOME SLIP.
AS A GENERATOR THE PROCESS IS REVERSED. DUE TO THE ROTATION OF THE ROTOR, A SMALL DC GENERATOR FIXED TO THE ROTOR ROTATES THERE BY GENERATING A DC VOLTAGE WHICH WILL THEN INDUCE CURRENT IN THE ARMATURE COIL DUE TO THE VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE ROTOR (i.e.) FIELD COIL. WHICH IS PURELY BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
Hello, Dilip Nageshwar,
Electronic communication using written English in all capital letters is very old technology. It was used in the 19th century (1800s) and 20th century for telegrams and teletype machines. In 2015, using PCs and smartphones, we have the ability to use an appropriate mix of upper- and lower-case letters, and punctuation, to more effectively communicate with each other. You will notice that virtually <b>NO ONE</b> posts entirely in all caps to control.com, and one of our Friendly Moderators (see how using a mix of upper- and lower-case letters can add a tone of formality and respect) has also asked that you not post in all caps.
Many people (myself included) find it very difficult to read something written in English in all capital letters. It can be very off-putting, and even annoying. As noted by our Friendly Moderator (see how a mix of upper- and lower-case letters can be both inviting and courteous?), when they have time--and when there is appropriate punctuation, they will usually re-type posts to remove all caps in an effort to make them easier to read and understand by everyone.
Punctuation is also very important. There's a <b>huge</b> difference between, "Let's eat Grandma," and, "Let's eat, Grandma." Or even, "LET'S EAT GRANDMA," and, "LET'S EAT, GRANDMA." In each example, the former would make one sound like a cannibal, while the latter would be polite and inviting.
We welcome your input and the benefit of your experience and knowledge, and it's most appreciated when you use an appropriate mix of upper- and lower-case letters when typing in English along with proper punctuation. (We realize that for a lot of posters here on control.com English is not their native language, and we can deal with a missed comma or period here or there--it might require another exchange to clarify, but many things can be learned from control.com in addition to technical information.)
Thanks! We look forward to hearing more from you--JUST NOT ENTIRELY IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.
By the way, just in case you--or anyone else reading this post--is tempted to use text-speak when posting or replying to control.com, please remember this is a <b>technical</b> forum and sometimes text-speak isn't very clear or specific. By being as specific as possible one will receive information in a concise manner and avoid a lot of unnecessary back-and-forth. By the same token, abbreviations ans shortcuts and acronyms commonly used in log books (such as M/C (for machine), or CP (for Centrifugal Pump)) are also inappropriate--unless they are explained or described at least once in the post (preferably in the first usage of the abbreviation/shortcut/acronym).
Electronic communication using written English in all capital letters is very old technology. It was used in the 19th century (1800s) and 20th century for telegrams and teletype machines. In 2015, using PCs and smartphones, we have the ability to use an appropriate mix of upper- and lower-case letters, and punctuation, to more effectively communicate with each other. You will notice that virtually <b>NO ONE</b> posts entirely in all caps to control.com, and one of our Friendly Moderators (see how using a mix of upper- and lower-case letters can add a tone of formality and respect) has also asked that you not post in all caps.
Many people (myself included) find it very difficult to read something written in English in all capital letters. It can be very off-putting, and even annoying. As noted by our Friendly Moderator (see how a mix of upper- and lower-case letters can be both inviting and courteous?), when they have time--and when there is appropriate punctuation, they will usually re-type posts to remove all caps in an effort to make them easier to read and understand by everyone.
Punctuation is also very important. There's a <b>huge</b> difference between, "Let's eat Grandma," and, "Let's eat, Grandma." Or even, "LET'S EAT GRANDMA," and, "LET'S EAT, GRANDMA." In each example, the former would make one sound like a cannibal, while the latter would be polite and inviting.
We welcome your input and the benefit of your experience and knowledge, and it's most appreciated when you use an appropriate mix of upper- and lower-case letters when typing in English along with proper punctuation. (We realize that for a lot of posters here on control.com English is not their native language, and we can deal with a missed comma or period here or there--it might require another exchange to clarify, but many things can be learned from control.com in addition to technical information.)
Thanks! We look forward to hearing more from you--JUST NOT ENTIRELY IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.
By the way, just in case you--or anyone else reading this post--is tempted to use text-speak when posting or replying to control.com, please remember this is a <b>technical</b> forum and sometimes text-speak isn't very clear or specific. By being as specific as possible one will receive information in a concise manner and avoid a lot of unnecessary back-and-forth. By the same token, abbreviations ans shortcuts and acronyms commonly used in log books (such as M/C (for machine), or CP (for Centrifugal Pump)) are also inappropriate--unless they are explained or described at least once in the post (preferably in the first usage of the abbreviation/shortcut/acronym).
C
CuriousOne
Please explain the difference between the start of a induction motor with a simple contactor as a start mechanism and the start of a generator utilizing a exciter.
How are generators able to respond to load and produce reactive capabilities?
How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
How are generators able to respond to load and produce reactive capabilities?
How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
CuriousOne,
> Please explain the difference between the start of a
> induction motor with a simple contactor as a start mechanism
> and the start of a generator utilizing a exciter.
The difference is about as big as night and day. You see examples of induction motors starting with a simple contactor every day in your plant--single phase, and three phase. It's pretty straightforward--especially for three-phase motors; just apply voltage and current to the stator windings and they start spinning.
To use a synchronous generator as a motor, one needs to exciter the field, yes, to have a magnet to synchronize with a magnetic field that results from the application of voltage/current to the stator windings from a "soft starter." The frequency output of the soft starter is low to begin with and increases to accelerate the shaft. There are many high-voltage switches which must be operated in the proper order to switch the generator to a motor for starting, and then back to a generator before synchronizing. Essentially, the soft-starter output is disconnected from the generator stator windings and the rotating field creates the voltage on the generator terminals, and then it can be synchronized.
>How are generators able to respond to load and produce
>reactive capabilities?
This is a dangerous question on control.com.... Generators are devices for converting torque from the prime mover into amperes (in the same way that motors are devices for converting amperes into torque!). Provide more torque, and the generator will produce more load; reduce the torque and the generator will produce less load. Reduce the torque below the point required to keep the generator rotor spinning at synchronous speed while it's connected to a grid with other prime movers and generators and the motor will become a generator, drawing amperes from other generators and spinning the prime mover to keep the generator rotor spinning at synchronous speed. (This is commonly called "reverse power" and is not a great thing for some prime movers, but not bad in small amounts for gas turbines.)
As for reactive power, well, my answer to your question is that if the generator rotor is excited so that the generator terminal is exactly equal to the grid voltage when the generator is synchronized to a grid then there will be zero reactive current flowing in the generator stator windings (0 VArs; 1.0 power factor). Now, if one starts increasing the excitation will will tend to try to increase the generator terminal voltage--and the grid voltage!--then lagging reactive current will flow in the generator stator windings. Conversely, decrease the excitation below that required to keep the generator terminal voltage equal to the grid voltage--which will tend to try to decrease the grid voltage!--and leading reactive current will flow in the generator stator windings.
This is my explanation of what happens when the generator is running and is connected to a relatively stable grid (voltage and frequency). I can't explain all of the maths and vectors and such--but this is what actually happens as a result of all the maths and vectors which have been derived to explan what actually happens. (Yes, that's right. People measured what happened, and then came up with formulas to explain what happened in an effort to be able to predict what would happen and design bigger and more efficient machines. It did not happen the other way around--people didn't discover these formulas and maths and vectors and then invent synchronous generators (or even induction generators). If you want the maths, search the World Wide Web with your preferred search engine--there are lots of articles and YouTube videos. But, this is what happens in the real world--and if you need to understand how (why) it happens, then you can learn the maths and formulas. (I studied them in university before I went to the field and operated machines--and I can tell you right now, all of the agony my electrical professor put us through in university didn't help me IN THE LEAST be able to operate a generator and prime mover (gas turbine, in my case) or to be able to explain it to an operator or a technician. Every time I start drawing vectors and using maths and angles and trigonometry every operator I was trying to explain this to just lost interest.
> How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to
> react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
I think we've covered enough for this post.
Hope this helps!
> Please explain the difference between the start of a
> induction motor with a simple contactor as a start mechanism
> and the start of a generator utilizing a exciter.
The difference is about as big as night and day. You see examples of induction motors starting with a simple contactor every day in your plant--single phase, and three phase. It's pretty straightforward--especially for three-phase motors; just apply voltage and current to the stator windings and they start spinning.
To use a synchronous generator as a motor, one needs to exciter the field, yes, to have a magnet to synchronize with a magnetic field that results from the application of voltage/current to the stator windings from a "soft starter." The frequency output of the soft starter is low to begin with and increases to accelerate the shaft. There are many high-voltage switches which must be operated in the proper order to switch the generator to a motor for starting, and then back to a generator before synchronizing. Essentially, the soft-starter output is disconnected from the generator stator windings and the rotating field creates the voltage on the generator terminals, and then it can be synchronized.
>How are generators able to respond to load and produce
>reactive capabilities?
This is a dangerous question on control.com.... Generators are devices for converting torque from the prime mover into amperes (in the same way that motors are devices for converting amperes into torque!). Provide more torque, and the generator will produce more load; reduce the torque and the generator will produce less load. Reduce the torque below the point required to keep the generator rotor spinning at synchronous speed while it's connected to a grid with other prime movers and generators and the motor will become a generator, drawing amperes from other generators and spinning the prime mover to keep the generator rotor spinning at synchronous speed. (This is commonly called "reverse power" and is not a great thing for some prime movers, but not bad in small amounts for gas turbines.)
As for reactive power, well, my answer to your question is that if the generator rotor is excited so that the generator terminal is exactly equal to the grid voltage when the generator is synchronized to a grid then there will be zero reactive current flowing in the generator stator windings (0 VArs; 1.0 power factor). Now, if one starts increasing the excitation will will tend to try to increase the generator terminal voltage--and the grid voltage!--then lagging reactive current will flow in the generator stator windings. Conversely, decrease the excitation below that required to keep the generator terminal voltage equal to the grid voltage--which will tend to try to decrease the grid voltage!--and leading reactive current will flow in the generator stator windings.
This is my explanation of what happens when the generator is running and is connected to a relatively stable grid (voltage and frequency). I can't explain all of the maths and vectors and such--but this is what actually happens as a result of all the maths and vectors which have been derived to explan what actually happens. (Yes, that's right. People measured what happened, and then came up with formulas to explain what happened in an effort to be able to predict what would happen and design bigger and more efficient machines. It did not happen the other way around--people didn't discover these formulas and maths and vectors and then invent synchronous generators (or even induction generators). If you want the maths, search the World Wide Web with your preferred search engine--there are lots of articles and YouTube videos. But, this is what happens in the real world--and if you need to understand how (why) it happens, then you can learn the maths and formulas. (I studied them in university before I went to the field and operated machines--and I can tell you right now, all of the agony my electrical professor put us through in university didn't help me IN THE LEAST be able to operate a generator and prime mover (gas turbine, in my case) or to be able to explain it to an operator or a technician. Every time I start drawing vectors and using maths and angles and trigonometry every operator I was trying to explain this to just lost interest.
> How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to
> react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
I think we've covered enough for this post.
Hope this helps!
CuriousOne,
>> How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to
>> react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
A synchronous motor becomes a generator when the "load" driving the motor is stronger than the motor and can rotate the motor, overcoming the torque being produced by the motor. An example is a very heavy load being lifted by an electric motor driving a drum. Many soft starters employ something called 'dynamic braking' whereby the soft starter reduces the voltage applied to the motor it's driving and the load of the motor turns the motor into a generator and generator action is used to slow the motor and load. An example is a lift (elevator); many of these use dynamic braking to control the downward rate of travel (non-hydraulic lifts, that is--such as in high-rise buildings).
It's not normal for motors to become generators.
It's was not even "normal" for generators to be used as starting motors for heavy duty gas turbines until a couple of decades ago. It increases the complexity of the gas turbine auxiliaries, but it also reduces the need for a starting means (a dedicated, medium- to high voltage electric induction motor and torque converter; or a diesel engine and torque converter). When a generator is used as a starting means for a heavy duty gas turbine it also doesn't require a clutch of any kind, it uses the load coupling. So, the physical footprint of the turbine and generator and auxiliaries can also be smaller, which helps to reduce the overall cost of the plant. However, the grid (or a diesel generator) must be able to supply the required current at the required voltage for the soft starter which will be supplying the variable frequency current/voltage to the generator stator when it's being used as a starting means. And, that can be in the hundreds of ampere range, depending on the voltage level (usually medium- to high voltage), or on the order of several MW during starting and acceleration.
Another example of synchronous machines being used as both a motor and a generator is a hydro application called 'pumped storage.' In this application, a source of water above a hydro turbine-generator is run through the synchronous machine when load demand is high (typically during the day); the water runs into a storage reservoir where it is captured. At night when the load demand is much lower the hydro unit is switched to become a motor and a pump and electrical power from other generators and their prime movers on the grid is used to pump the water back up to its original storage in preparation for use again the next day to drive the generator. In this way, utilities can avoid shutting down some generation at night and keep it on line to produce the power to drive the hydro unit when it's pumping the water back "up the hill." This allows them to reduce cycling on power plants by not having to shut them down at night (which makes power plants last longer between maintenance outages.)
A simple contactor, even a generator breaker, can't tell the difference in direction of the current flowing through the contacts. (A generator pushes current out of the device; a motor draws current in to the device.) Generator breakers employ reverse power relays (ANSI device number 32) to detect reverse power and open the generator breaker to protect the prime mover. (Again, small amounts of reverse power for short periods of time don't hurt normally-operating gas turbines, but can be very damaging to steam turbines.)
Hope this helps!
>> How can a simple contactor or even a soft start able to
>> react to the ability of the motor becoming a generator?
A synchronous motor becomes a generator when the "load" driving the motor is stronger than the motor and can rotate the motor, overcoming the torque being produced by the motor. An example is a very heavy load being lifted by an electric motor driving a drum. Many soft starters employ something called 'dynamic braking' whereby the soft starter reduces the voltage applied to the motor it's driving and the load of the motor turns the motor into a generator and generator action is used to slow the motor and load. An example is a lift (elevator); many of these use dynamic braking to control the downward rate of travel (non-hydraulic lifts, that is--such as in high-rise buildings).
It's not normal for motors to become generators.
It's was not even "normal" for generators to be used as starting motors for heavy duty gas turbines until a couple of decades ago. It increases the complexity of the gas turbine auxiliaries, but it also reduces the need for a starting means (a dedicated, medium- to high voltage electric induction motor and torque converter; or a diesel engine and torque converter). When a generator is used as a starting means for a heavy duty gas turbine it also doesn't require a clutch of any kind, it uses the load coupling. So, the physical footprint of the turbine and generator and auxiliaries can also be smaller, which helps to reduce the overall cost of the plant. However, the grid (or a diesel generator) must be able to supply the required current at the required voltage for the soft starter which will be supplying the variable frequency current/voltage to the generator stator when it's being used as a starting means. And, that can be in the hundreds of ampere range, depending on the voltage level (usually medium- to high voltage), or on the order of several MW during starting and acceleration.
Another example of synchronous machines being used as both a motor and a generator is a hydro application called 'pumped storage.' In this application, a source of water above a hydro turbine-generator is run through the synchronous machine when load demand is high (typically during the day); the water runs into a storage reservoir where it is captured. At night when the load demand is much lower the hydro unit is switched to become a motor and a pump and electrical power from other generators and their prime movers on the grid is used to pump the water back up to its original storage in preparation for use again the next day to drive the generator. In this way, utilities can avoid shutting down some generation at night and keep it on line to produce the power to drive the hydro unit when it's pumping the water back "up the hill." This allows them to reduce cycling on power plants by not having to shut them down at night (which makes power plants last longer between maintenance outages.)
A simple contactor, even a generator breaker, can't tell the difference in direction of the current flowing through the contacts. (A generator pushes current out of the device; a motor draws current in to the device.) Generator breakers employ reverse power relays (ANSI device number 32) to detect reverse power and open the generator breaker to protect the prime mover. (Again, small amounts of reverse power for short periods of time don't hurt normally-operating gas turbines, but can be very damaging to steam turbines.)
Hope this helps!
just a question, In some industrial plant like PTA, in case of there's a failure in the steam (or the reactor) it's required to keep the synch. generator connected to the grid and work as a motor. How this transient/swing condition considered in the electrical equipment/breaker sizing.
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