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Responding to Omar's 02-Feb-09 (07:20) query... Have you considered conductive-concrete encasement of the electrode. Contact [email protected] Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Responding to Ashish's 2-Feb-09 (08:17) query... IEEE-Standard 100, defines it as: "Spinning Reserve (Power Operations). That operating reserve connected to the bus and ready to take load." Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Responding to Ashish's 31-Jan-09 (23:13) query... It protects against failures involving voltage transformers (PTs or VTs): o Blown fuses can alter their secondary output magnitude and phase angle. o Ferroresonance can occur if the PTs are grounded (earthed) to an ungrounded (unearthed)...

Responding to Fiaz's 30-Jan-09 (14:12) query... I suggest you read Control List Thread # 1026192829! Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Responding to Ekansh's 23-Jun-09 (0322) query: See Control Thread # 1026157812. Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Responding to Mehmood's 21-Jan-09 (05:45) query... "must" is the operative word! Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Fisthibambe... Assuming they are of the same polarity and construction, then following are a few questions: 1) Are the transformers supplied by the same manufacturer? 2) Are they about the same age? 3) What is maximum load (MVA, pf?) they will share? 4) Also, how many taps does...

CSA... my point(s) exactly. The Website you suggested is a list of the ANSI Protection Device Designation Numbers, I mentioned. While Device # 59, Overvoltage, is listed, there is none listed for Overexcitation. Device #40 (not #41), Loss of Field, does not directly measure "under...

Paru, it appears that the before/after measurements may have been taken at different temperatures! Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Azman, is this a problem you have now? Or one you anticipate? If the latter, then, there are several approaches. But, they depend on what is known about your diesel, generator, motor, load, and system characterstics! If you can provide the details, I can suggest several schemes to study...

CSA, when I said "none were provided for over excitation" I was alluding to the fact there is no ANSI Protection Device Designation Number. The limits imposed by the AVR essentially serves to maintain operation within the Generator's Capability Curve. Too bad you hadn't read my paper, "The...

Responding to Girish's 13-Jan-09 query... Let's start with the technical definitions, as related to power systems, given in IEEE Standard 100: o Overvoltage (1) (general). A voltage above the normal rated nvoltage of a device or circuit. o Overvoltage (2) (rotating machinery). An...

Speedtronic... unfortunately there is no "one size fits all" answer. For example, your understanding that it's akin to backup of reverse-power protection won't work if inadvertent energization results from an undesirable closing of the main breaker but then it cannot re-open. Just think...

Respondng to Sean Boddy's 10-Jan-09 (15:36) query: See Control List Thread # 1026233123! Regards, Phil Corso ([email protected])

Speedtronic, If I'm wrong, please correct me, but, I have interpreted your question to mean, what backup protection guards against indvertent closure (whether caused by human or equipment failure) of the generator's main breaker while: a) it's off-line, and not running. b) it's...

Vassy, further to my 09-Jan-09 (09:12) reply, see Control List Thread # 1026247191. Regards, Phil Corso

Responding to Speedtronic's 07-Jan-09 (23:50) query.. Are you referring to the inadvertent closing of a generator's connection to the grid or another generator without having first synchronized?

Responding to Vassy's 08-Jan-09 (08:36)... If test was conducted by single-phase secondary-injection and values obtained were the same on all three phases, problem is caused by: 1) If a new installation, then wye-midpoint of one set of CTs is opposite that of the other set! That is...

Speedtronic, as you know a synchronous generator delivers, or exports, inductive (lagging) kVAr to the system. If field current is reduced the "magnetic connection" between stator and rotor disappears. This condition manifests itself mechanically by rotor acceleration, assuming the prime mover...

Speedtronic, "Impedance Protection" is most likely related to a "Loss-Of-Field" disturbance. That is, the condition can be better represented by transforming the generator's measured parameters into an impedance having magnitiude and phase-angle. However, there are limitations regarding its...