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My maths maybe a bit skew but I make PFD of 0.015 to be SIL 1. bit more reading below - there is a lot more to understand ! https://www.crossco.com/resources/articles/determining-safety-integrity-levels-for-your-process-application/...

If you take a giant step backwards you may find what is sometimes called not seeing wood for the trees. Before any mathematical modelling is undertaken you need a conceptual model. If you can describe in simple terms how you can simultaneously control a vacuum and nitrogen gas in a tank then...

It's not clear what type of nitrogen generator is of concern, so maintenance times would vary to suit. In the food industry I would expect planned maintenance to be part of any factory regime, and as such be as long as necessary to facilitate service to a high standard. The time taken to reach...

120Kw seems rather high for a DOL unless it is MV/HV. If it were 20Kw (LV) Soft Start would be an addition to the existing DOL starter. It would be very useful in reducing starting currents for motors that have almost no starting load such as extract fans - or any other type of fan for that...

2 wire RS485 multidrop configurations are very common regardless of protocol. If my memory is correct, Modbus message headers contain sufficient information to allow any slave device: - to ignore any data from the master device if not being addressed - to ignore any data from any other slave...

What is electrical shortening torque - in relation to what ? electrical torque relates to strength of magnetic fields (amongst other things) generally concerning moving equipment or motors.

In the day, we used a Basic Module to receive bar code data for an SLC5 series system. It wasn't ASCII coded, just big numbers which were truncated to allow sensible handling for conveyor route direction. To store in a string just bear in mind the 1100 has very little data memory (4k). Channel...

As an ex-control engineer I gave it 10mins. One might say it should take as long as takes if you are lacking experience. It does help to get your facts right.. "Your task is to meet the customer requirement of 4000 parcels/hr. in the dimension 300x300x100mm". You later mention parcel size...

I have sat in meetings where the Process Engineer/client have no idea how a piece of equipment will perform within their process. So you put forward proposals only to be told that will not work but this will.... and you find out what they really have in mind. So how do you know PID control will...

I have several PC amplifier/speaker sets of various ages. Most have a forward facing headphone sockets similar to a Hi Fi Amplifier so changeover is automatic. For the one that doesn't have a headphone socket, the audio feed jack from the PC would be directly replaced by the headphone...

https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/4558312/tp070-touch-panel?dti=0&lc=en-WW According to Siemens you need Toolbox configuration Software called Protool. I very much doubt whether Siemens or their distributors could help, but I suspect your main difficulty is the Win v3.1 platform...

The answer to this and your other posting is that it depends on what is required, whether by client specification, design or safety feature. To fuse a group of PLC i/p's (inputs), one per slot or module is considered good design. To fuse i/p's individually is not only a waste of space and...

Clearly encoders have changed since my days of use .. What you have is a programmable one with a specification I cannot comprehend. From what I recall incremental encoders had a simple quadrature pulse train, some having a 'revolution pulse' which is perhaps what you are looking for. The Z...

If you intend to operate any equipment at SIL3 you will have to refer both hardware and software designs through a Professional Consultancy. Personally I would go through the standard word-for-word. We in Europe have European standards: I would guess the standard quoted wouldn't mention...

avez-vous un point à soulever dans la conception ou l'automatisation

The probability of using 2 pairs instead of single pair may be simply using what was readily available. I've seen it installed at various sites, although generally the 2nd pair is tied back serving no useful purpose.

It's not clear what you mean by sanitary. Is this a can that is floor standing normally in the same place with the lid open - if so a fixed straightfoward ultrasonic level probe would suffice. I'm guessing this is waste milk separated from washwater collected in a canister, to be disposed...

Radar Level Measurement seems to be the new improved modern way - but does have disadvantages! Minor adjustments may help differentiate echoes from differing densities, but loss of echo, however, temporary appears as a process fault. Using alternative methods of water Level Measurement may...

https://library.abb.com/en https://library.abb.com/en/results Tick Category 'Software' I suspect you will get limited results until you Register (unless already done so) and ask directly for the software you are seeking. https://new.abb.com/enterprise-software

The disadvantage of sending unburnt gases through a silencer is the possibility of an explosion, particularly where you would have a gas/air mix. The argument for having double block and bleed has changed over recent years. Sending trapped gas to atmosphere is not a good idea in principle...