RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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