RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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