RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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