RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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