RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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