RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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