Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin