Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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