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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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