A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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