Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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