A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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