The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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