The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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