A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin