A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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