Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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