In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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