The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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