Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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