In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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