Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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