Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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