As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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