The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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