Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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