Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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