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Pilot Valves and Pneumatic Amplifying Relays

Textbook

Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…

Pneumatic Sensing Elements

Textbook

Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…

Continuous Float Level Transmitters

Textbook

Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…

Indicators, Recorders, Process Switches and Alarms

Textbook

So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…

Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

Textbook

Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…

Fluid Mechanics

Textbook

A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…

Fluid Power Systems

Textbook

Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

Textbook

A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

Pressure Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…

Analysis of Practical Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…

Actuator Bench-set

Textbook

Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…

Chemical Reactor Temperature Control Example

Textbook

Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…

Fluorescence Measurement

Textbook

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…

Valve Positioners

Textbook

The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…

Error Corrections

Textbook

Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

Textbook

The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

What are Simple Machines?

Textbook

A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

Valve Seat Leakage

Textbook

In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…

Self-regulating, Integrating, and Runaway Process Characteristics

Textbook

Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…

Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

Textbook

One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…

Ratio Control

Textbook

Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…

Antennas and Resonant Circuits (Tank Circuits)

Textbook

Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…

Digital Representation of Text

Textbook

Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…

Basic Feedback Control Principles

Textbook

Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…

Policy-based Fortifications

Textbook

These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…

Flow Measurement in Open Channels

Textbook

Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…

Continuous Float Level Transmitters

Textbook

Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…

Industrial Instrumentation Summary for Teachers

Textbook

To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…

Numerical Differentiation

Textbook

As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…

Common Diagnostic Mistakes in Control Systems

Textbook

Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…

Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Textbook

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…

Positive Displacement Flowmeters

Textbook

A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass…

Differential Pressure Transmitters

Textbook

One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…

Assessing Student Learning

Textbook

As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…

Rotary-stem Valves

Textbook

A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…

Circuit Failure Analysis

Textbook

Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…

Basic Operation of a Gas Chromatograph

Textbook

This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…

Symbolic Versus Numerical Calculus

Textbook

Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

Textbook

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…

Sliding-stem Valves

Textbook

A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…

Introduction to Capacitors and Capacitance

Textbook

Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…

Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Textbook

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…

Valve Packing

Textbook

Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…

Fiber Optic Data Communication

Textbook

Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…

Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Textbook

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…

Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

Textbook

To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

Textbook

Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Wastewater Disinfection Example

Textbook

The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…

Basic Operation of a Gas Chromatograph

Textbook

This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…

Vibration Monitoring Hardware

Textbook

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…

Loop Diagrams (Loop Sheets)

Textbook

Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…

Electrical Signal and Control Wiring

Textbook

There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…

LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

Textbook

The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…

Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…

Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…

The Concept of Integration

Textbook

Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…

Problem-solving by Simplification

Textbook

A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…

Numerical Integration

Textbook

As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…