To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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