A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin