Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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