A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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