A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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