There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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