One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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