One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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