Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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