DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
