Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook