DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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