A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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