Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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