Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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