An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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