Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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