The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
