Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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