A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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