Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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