The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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