A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook