Practical Topic Coverage

Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…

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WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…

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Integral (Reset) Control

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…

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What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceability

As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…

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Weight-based Level Measurement

Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…

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An Analogy for Calibration Vs Ranging

The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…

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Digital PID Controllers

The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…

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Symbolic Versus Numerical Calculus

Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…

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Indicators, Recorders, Process Switches and Alarms

So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…

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Analytical Measurements of Chemical Compositions

A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…

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Proportional-only Offset

A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…

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Glossary of Cyber-security Terms

Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…

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ANSI/IEEE Function Number Codes

In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…

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Rotating Phasor in Three-dimensional Form

The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…

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Calibration Errors and Testing

The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…

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Transformer Basics and Principles of Operation

The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…

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Different PID Equations

For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…

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Self-balancing Pneumatic Instruments Principles

A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…

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Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…

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