The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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