A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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