These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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