Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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