A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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