It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook