Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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