Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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