It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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