Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
