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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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