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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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