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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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