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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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