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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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