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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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