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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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