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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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