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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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