Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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