Interposing Relays in PLCs

In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…

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Rotating Magnetic Fields in Three-phase AC Induction Motors

The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…

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Legal Code

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…

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Sliding-stem Valves

A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…

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Industrial Instrumentation Summary for Teachers

To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…

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Mechanical Pressure Elements

Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…

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Feedforward Control

“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…

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Electronic Structure

Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…

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Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…

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Electrical Resistance and Ohm’s Law

To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…

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The Stuxnet Virus

In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…

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Vibration Monitoring Hardware

The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…

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Periodic Table of the Ions

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References

Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…

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Supervisory Control

In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…

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LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…

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Chemiluminescence Measurement

Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…

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Process Flow Diagrams

To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…

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Standardized Volumetric Flow

The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…

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