An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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