A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin