A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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