The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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