A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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