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Velocity-based Flowmeters

Textbook

The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Atomic Theory and Chemical Symbols

Textbook

The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…

Physics and Chemistry Terminology and Definitions

Textbook

Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…

Fluorescence Measurement

Textbook

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…

Pneumatic Sensing Elements

Textbook

Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…

Circuit Breakers and Disconnects

Textbook

Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…

Auxiliary and Lockout (86) Relays

Textbook

An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…

Tube and Tube Fittings

Textbook

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…

4 to 20 mA Analog Current Signals

Textbook

The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…

Rotary-stem Valves

Textbook

A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…

Heuristic PID Tuning Procedures

Textbook

In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…

Instruction List (IL) Programming

Textbook

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

Textbook

An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…

The Concept of Integration

Textbook

Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…

Change-of-quantity Flow Measurement

Textbook

Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…

Proper Care and Feeding of Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…

Teaching Technical Practices (Labwork)

Textbook

Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…

Electrical Sources and Electronic Load

Textbook

By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…

The s Variable: Euler’s Relation and Phasor Expressions of Waveforms

Textbook

A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Textbook

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Polyphase AC Power

Textbook

“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…

Proportional-only Offset

Textbook

A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

Textbook

Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

Textbook

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…

Introduction to Optical Analysis

Textbook

Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Textbook

At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…

Colorimetric and Potentiometric pH Measurement

Textbook

pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…

New Content

Textbook

Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…

Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

Textbook

This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…

P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Textbook

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…

Laminar Flowmeters

Textbook

A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Data Link Layer

Textbook

Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…

4 to 20 mA Analog Current Signals

Textbook

The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…

Electrical Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Textbook

To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…

Circuit Breakers and Disconnects

Textbook

Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…

Digital PID Algorithms

Textbook

Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…

LRV and URV Settings, Digital Trim (Digital Transmitters)

Textbook

The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…

WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

Textbook

An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…

Hand Switches and Stackable Switches

Textbook

A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…

References

Textbook

Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…

Concepts and Laws of Probability

Textbook

While the term “probability” may evoke images of…

The Stuxnet Virus

Textbook

In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…