A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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