A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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