The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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