The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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