The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…