The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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