A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin