RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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