pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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