RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves…
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary)…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
