pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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