pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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