pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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