pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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