pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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