While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
