Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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