Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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