There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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