The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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