Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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