Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
