To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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