While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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