Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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