Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin