The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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