Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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