Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin