Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
Programmable logic controllers are built to input various signal types…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
First and foremost, you need to get your very own PLC to work with.…
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
