Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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