A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial…
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
