A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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