Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
