Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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