Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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