Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components…
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure.…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…