Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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