A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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