Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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