One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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