One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical…
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
