Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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