Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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