Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive…
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere…
