Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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