Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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