Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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