Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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