An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Distance relaying is used to detect faults on long-distance lines,…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
