The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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