A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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