Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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