In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin