Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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