A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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