In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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