A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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