Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The…
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the…
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
