In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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