Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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