The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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