Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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