Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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