Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…

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The Concept of Differentiation

Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…

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Continuous Float Level Transmitters

Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…

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ANSI/IEEE Function Number Codes

In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…

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Instrument Identification Tags

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…

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Mechanical Vibration Switches

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…

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Level Switches

A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…

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Molecular Quantities

Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…

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Controller Output Current Loops

The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…

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Polyphase AC Power

“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…

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Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…

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Teaching Technical Theory

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…

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Weighfeeders

A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…

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Fluorescence Measurement

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…

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Control Valve Actuators

The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…

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Instruction List (IL) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

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Solenoid Valves

A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…

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Concepts and Laws of Probability

While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…

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Classified Areas and Electrical Safety Measures

Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…

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WirelessHART Radio Communication Standard

An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…

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