The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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