A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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