Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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