Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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