Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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