The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook