DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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