An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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