Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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