The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the…
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation…
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related…
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
