Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin