Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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