The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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