A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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