A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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