An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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