The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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