An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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