There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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