Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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