The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types:…
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of…
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the…
