The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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