Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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