The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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