The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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