A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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