A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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