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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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