Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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