A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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