“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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