There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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