Laminar Flowmeters

A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…

Textbook

Boiler Water Level Control System Example

Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…

Textbook

Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…

Textbook

Instrument Turndown (Rangedown)

An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…

Textbook

Basics of pH Measurement in Industrial Control

Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…

Textbook

Instantaneous and Time-overcurrent (50/51) Protection

Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…

Textbook

Electrical Sources and Electronic Load

By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…

Textbook

Structured Text (ST) Programming

(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)

Textbook

Legal Code

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…

Textbook

Periodic Table of the Ions

Textbook

DC Motor Speed Control

DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…

Textbook

Mechanical Vibration Switches

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…

Textbook

Introduction to Capacitors and Capacitance

Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…

Textbook

Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…

Textbook

Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance

Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…

Textbook

Digital Representation of Numerical Data

Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…

Textbook

Material Volume Measurement

A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…

Textbook

Practical Topic Coverage

Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…

Textbook

Teaching Technical Theory

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…

Textbook

Introduction to Modbus

Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…

Textbook