So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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