Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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