RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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