Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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