As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973,…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of…
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and…
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to…
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability…
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid…
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad…
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe.…
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph,…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for…
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…