RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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