In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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