As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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