A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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