Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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