As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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