To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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