Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin