A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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