While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a…
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical…
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…