Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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