In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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