Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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