A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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