PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing…
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater…
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function…
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here,…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry,…
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate…
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit…
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its…
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical…
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those…
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
There are many process control applications in the industry where it…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using…
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in…
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for…
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe.…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is…
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch…
