The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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