Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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