There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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