A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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