Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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