An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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