A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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