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Feedforward Control

Textbook

“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy…

2-wire (“loop-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

Textbook

It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog…

Control Valve Actuators

Textbook

The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force…

4-wire (“self-powered”) Transmitter Current Loops

Textbook

DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process…

Loop Diagrams (Loop Sheets)

Textbook

Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…

4-wire “Passive” Versus “Active” Output Transmitters

Textbook

Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…

Interconnected Generators

Textbook

Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

Textbook

Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Calibration Procedures in Linear, Non-Linear and Discrete Instruments

Textbook

As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

Textbook

Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

Fundamental Principles of Industrial Instrumentation

Textbook

Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject…

Digital PID Controllers

Textbook

The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…

Dampers and Louvres

Textbook

A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…

Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Textbook

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…

Chromatography: Methods, Detectors and Species

Textbook

Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one…

Troubleshooting Current Loops

Textbook

A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is…

Tuning PID Controllers

Textbook

Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice.…

Difference Between Calibration and Re-ranging

Textbook

What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…

Digital Multimeter (DMM) Tips and Tricks

Textbook

The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…

Periodic Table of the Ions

Textbook

Learn Fundamental Principles, not Procedures

Textbook

“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but…

Pilot Valves and Pneumatic Amplifying Relays

Textbook

Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle…

P, I, and D Responses Graphed

Textbook

Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs…

Use of Line Reactors

Textbook

Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…

Analog Signal Conditioning and Referencing

Textbook

Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…

Loop Diagrams (Loop Sheets)

Textbook

Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet)…

Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

Textbook

While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…

On/off Electric Motor Control Circuits

Textbook

An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a…

“Normal” status of a Process Switch

Textbook

Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…

Actuator Bench-set

Textbook

Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

Textbook

Weighfeeders

Textbook

A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the…

Ladder Diagram (LD) Programming Contacts and Coils

Textbook

In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is…

Transfer Function Analysis

Textbook

An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer…

Equivalent Series and Parallel Circuits

Textbook

Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and…

Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Textbook

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…

Memory Maps and I/O Addressing

Textbook

A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring…

Pneumatic Sensing Elements

Textbook

Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism…

A Comparison of PID Controller Tuning Techniques

Textbook

In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation…

Self-regulating, Integrating, and Runaway Process Characteristics

Textbook

Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…