Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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