Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin