Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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