As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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