Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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