Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
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