One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
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