Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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