The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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