The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
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