Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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