A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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