Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate…
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have…
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
While the term “probability” may evoke images of…
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design…
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC…
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal…
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very…
All substances are comprised of various elements in various…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored…
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
