Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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