DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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